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Pool and Spa Corrosion – An Atomic Point Of View

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Pool and Spa Corrosion - An Atomic Point Of View

Today, corrosion is one of the most common problems faced by a majority of individuals. Statistical reports show that corrosion caused damages worth one trillion in 2016. In particular, the majority of swimming pools and spas are prone to corrosion. And the effects of this are damaging and often lead to significant pool repair costs. Fortunately, there are several techniques pool owners and contractors can implement to reduce pool and spa corrosion. But typically, as a pool owner, you need to understand the term corrosion at an in-depth level. This way, you’ll be able to help your customers prevent and treat this problem.

Pool and Spa Corrosion - An Atomic Point Of View

Foundational knowledge – The basic atomic model

Do you remember the term atoms in your science or chemistry class? Let’s rewind our knowledge a little bit. Usually, all materials consist of atoms. And a material that has one type of atom is an element. Every element has its atomic number. In the middle of the atom is the nucleus. The nucleus has both protons and neutrons. Also, electrons encompass the nucleus. Typically, electrons carry a negative charge. On the other hand, Protons always have a positive charge.

So how is all this information related to pool and spa corrosion?

Usually, electron number will dictate the corrosion reaction. For example, Sodium always loses electrons, hence becoming a positively charged ion or a proton. Conversely, chlorine tends to gain electrons. Such elements steal electrons from other elements. Therefore, they are known as negative ions. When positive and negative ions combine, they become insoluble solids. And this is why rust is often left behind once pool and spa corrosion has occurred.

What are the main ingredients for corrosion?

Generally, certain factors have to be present for corrosion to take place. Below are all the ingredients needed for corrosion.

  • A cathode is responsible for gaining electrons. It is the oxidizer during corrosion. A good example is oxygen; Oxygen steals electrons from the metal in the pool equipment hence causes pool and spa corrosion.
  • An anode is Responsible for losing electrons. It is the element that gets oxidized. In our case, this could be the metal used to make the pool equipment. It loses electrons to the cathode.
  • An electrolyte: Electrolytes exist in liquid form. So, in our case, this is the pool water. Often saltwater is an exemplary conductor. Thus, it tends to be very corrosive. Note that the more the liquid dissolves materials, the more corrosive it becomes. That’s why salt water is more corrosive than normal pool water.
  • The electrical contact of the cathode and anode. Typically, there has to be an electric path for the electric circuit to become complete.

So, if you want to reduce or prevent pool and spa corrosion, you must eliminate one of these factors. Of course, you cannot get rid of some of the factors mentioned above in most instances. Thus, you would have to identify creative ways of how to prevent corrosion.

How does corrosion in swimming pools and spas occur?

First, note that corrosion is an electrochemical reaction. Corrosion occurs when the metal (material of the pool equipment) loses electrons to another element (e.g., oxygen) found in the electrolyte (pool water). When this happens, a corrosion cell gets formed. Note that the quantity of material lost to corrosion matches the corrosion current. On the flip side, the corrosion current is indirectly proportional to the cell’s resistance and directly proportional to the cell voltage.

So, if you increase the cell’s resistance, you will reduce the rate of pool and spa corrosion. A real-life illustration is a pool heat exchanger experiencing a buildup of calcium carbonate deposits. In case you continue having unbalanced water chemistry, the heat exchanger gets more and more vulnerable to coating, especially on its inner diameter. And when there is a partial coating, some parts of the heat exchanger are generally more susceptible than others. Consequently, the section beneath the coating will be anodic, and the one outside the coating will be the cathode.

How do you prevent pool and spa corrosion?

If you have any metal equipment, corrosion should not come as a surprise to you. Corrosion occurs even on stainless steel. And it’s almost close to impossible to stop corrosion from ever happening on a metal. As a result, the techniques for preventing corrosion are often meant to slow down the reaction to 0%.

This method usually works pretty well only if done correctly. In fact, when you use the right techniques, you may not have to deal with corrosion for decades. As a pool owner, it would be best to identify the best practices that would help you prevent pool and spa corrosion. This way, you won’t have to deal with the massive costs that come with pool equipment repairs and replacements. Besides, you’ll prolong the durability of your pool.

it is clear that pool and spa corrosion is an electrochemical reaction. Understanding how corrosion works will help you find the best techniques for mitigating this problem.

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Pool News coverage brought to you by Pool Magazine's own Marcus Packer. Marcus Packer is a 20 year pool industry veteran pool builder and pool service technician. In addition to being a swimming pool professional, Marcus has been a writer and long time contributor for Newsweek Magazine's home improvement section and more recently for Florida Travel + Life. Have a story idea or tip you'd like to share with Pool Magazine? Email [email protected] your story idea.

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French Diver Makes Splash After Flop At Opening of Olympic Pool

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French Diver Makes Splash After Flop At Opening of Olympic Pool

French Olympic diver, Alexis Jandard, created a memorable moment at the grand opening of Paris’s new Olympic pool, though not quite in the manner he had envisioned.

A startling video captured during the inauguration of the state-of-the-art Paris Aquatics Center on Thursday showcased the 26-year-old Olympian’s unfortunate landing on his right foot while gearing up to dive alongside two fellow athletes. Adorned in a Speedo reflecting the hues of the French flag, Jandard’s discomforting descent saw him landing on his back, ricocheting off the nearly 10-foot-high dive board, and somersaulting into the pool in a rather ungraceful manner.

The incident unfolded in front of a sizable crowd of onlookers, including French President Emmanuel Macron and various dignitaries. Jandard later displayed his scraped back on his Instagram account, maintaining a light-hearted approach to his embarrassing mishap by quipping, “For your information, my back is fine, but my ego…”

Sharing a photo of his reddened back, courtesy of the encounter with the diving board, on Instagram Stories, Jandard assured followers of his well-being. Speaking to RMC Sport, he recounted the unexpected turn of events, stating, “I’m fine. I didn’t hurt myself; unfortunately, these things happen. It happened at a time when I wasn’t expecting it at all.”

Alexis Jandard injured his back at the inauguration of the new Olympic Pool in Paris. Photo Credit: @alexis_jandard - Instagram
Photo Credit: @alexis_jandard – Instagram

Reflecting on the incident, Jandard humorously noted, “I’ve broken boards before, but the board had never broken me before. Now it has.” Despite the hiccup, he maintained an optimistic outlook, remarking, “I would have preferred this ceremony to have gone well from A to Z. There was that little hitch. If it made people smile a little, so much the better.”

Explaining the mishap, Jandard clarified that his leg gave way upon landing but denied any slippage, emphasizing, “It’s a non-slip [board], and what’s more, the board was new, beautiful, and I think there’s still [some of] my back on the board there.”

With a silver and bronze under his belt at the 2022 and 2023 World Aquatics Championships, respectively, Jandard took the incident in stride, admitting, “It’s a shame, but it’s funny. When you take a step back, it’s funny.”

Looking ahead to the 2024 Paris Games this summer, where he is set to compete, Jandard acknowledged the inevitability of such occurrences in his sport, jesting, “These things happen,” while playfully lamenting, “It had to happen in front of the president and the whole of France. I think we chose the right moment.”

Despite being inundated with supportive messages and playful jabs, Jandard maintained a good-natured stance, urging his followers on Instagram, “Enjoy yourselves, make fun of me. I seriously deserve it!”

4.9/5 - (11 votes)

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Earthquake in Taiwan Causes Waterfall From Rooftop Pool

A massive earthquake in Taiwan transforms a rooftop pool into a waterfall. View viral footage.

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Earthquake in Taiwan Causes Waterfall From Rooftop Pool

In a harrowing turn of events, Taiwan was struck by a powerful 7.4 magnitude earthquake, leaving devastation in its wake. The quake, the strongest to hit the island in 25 years, shook the east coast of Taiwan, particularly affecting the city of Hualien and its surrounding areas. With a depth of 34.8 kilometers, the epicenter of the earthquake was located 18 kilometers south of Hualien, according to the US Geological Survey.

As rescue efforts are underway to free those trapped under rubble and debris, the toll of the disaster continues to rise. At least nine individuals have lost their lives, while over 900 others have sustained injuries. The aftermath of the earthquake has left over 100 buildings damaged, with reports of landslides and collapsed structures adding to the chaos.

The force of the quake was so immense that it caused a surreal sight—a rooftop swimming pool overflowing and cascading down the side of a building, creating an impromptu waterfall. Footage captured during the earthquake also shows the sheer force as a man inside a pool struggles to maintain balance, the water swaying violently from side to side.

Dramatic footage of the earthquake shows a rooftop pool transformed into a waterfall.

The region of Hualien County, with a population of approximately 300,000, faces immense challenges in assessing the full extent of the damage. Many inhabitants reside in remote coastal or mountain communities, making it difficult for rescue teams to reach them promptly. The precarious situation is exacerbated by the expectation of aftershocks, with 29 aftershocks greater than a magnitude of 4.0 already recorded near the epicenter.

Compounding the crisis are reports of miners trapped in two mines in Hualien, adding urgency to the rescue operations. Furthermore, over 91,000 households are grappling with power cuts, amplifying the difficulties faced by residents in the aftermath of the disaster.

Despite the widespread destruction, medical facilities in Taiwan’s capital, Taipei City, are functioning, albeit damaged. The Municipal Government has confirmed that hospitals are operating normally, providing critical care to the injured.

The international community has responded swiftly to the catastrophe, with the Biden administration monitoring the situation closely and expressing readiness to offer assistance. In the face of adversity, Taiwan is rallying its resources and resilience, demonstrating solidarity and resolve in confronting this natural disaster.

As the dust settles and the extent of the damage becomes clearer, questions arise about the effectiveness of early warning detection systems in mitigating the impact of natural disasters. Despite Taiwan’s investment in advanced seismic technology, including early warning systems designed to provide crucial seconds of alert before an earthquake strikes, many residents were caught off guard by the sudden and violent tremors. Reports indicate that the early warning detection system, while operational, did not reach a significant portion of the population in time to take preventive action

4.7/5 - (12 votes)

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Patent Pending Apple Watch SOS Feature Could Prevent Drownings

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Patent Pending Apple Watch SOS Feature Could Prevent Drownings


A forthcoming feature potentially destined for the Apple Watch, as detailed in a recent patent application, could serve as a lifesaver for swimmers at risk of drowning.

Outlined in the patent is a capability for the Watch to identify “irregular behavior” and automatically trigger a distress call for assistance.

Apple underscores the alarming statistics surrounding drowning, particularly its prevalence among children, as a leading cause of accidental fatalities.

In the United States alone, drowning claims the lives of over 3,500 individuals annually, ranking as the fifth most common form of accidental death. Tragically, a significant portion of these victims are children.

Emphasizing the critical importance of swift intervention during water emergencies, Apple highlights the dire consequences of prolonged submersion without resuscitation, which can result in brain damage and ultimately, drowning.

A Growing Need For Cost-Effective Wearable Solutions

While acknowledging existing underwater camera systems in some swimming pools aimed at detecting distressed swimmers and alerting lifeguards, Apple notes their costliness and unreliability.

Consequently, there’s a pressing need for a simpler, more cost-effective drowning prevention solution suitable for all types of water bodies, including public and private pools, as well as natural settings like lakes and ponds where installing underwater cameras is impractical.

The patent proposes leveraging wearable devices such as the Apple Watch for broader applicability, increased reliability, and the ability to detect various types of emergencies.

Alerting When Swimmers Are In Distress

For instance, if the Watch detects a wearer who is not proficient in swimming entering deeper water, it can promptly dispatch an alert instead of waiting for signs of distress.

These alerts can be transmitted to nearby devices, including those of friends and family, and seamlessly integrate with existing drowning detection and alarm systems to ensure lifeguards are promptly notified.

Apple Watches already boast capabilities to detect and respond to falls, vehicle accidents, and cardiac irregularities. Heartwarming testimonials featured in Apple’s “Dear Apple” video series show individuals whose lives were saved by these functionalities.

As with many patents from Apple, it’s important to note that not all concepts may materialize into actual products. Nonetheless, this innovation stands as a promising addition for potential integration into future watchOS updates.

5/5 - (9 votes)

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